Events+and+Leaders+of+Anglo-Saxon+England

**- Egbert – 802-839 **
 * Responsible for the rise of Wessex. [[|1] ]
 * Lead the battle of Ellendun, leading to the end of Mercian domination of southern England. (825) [[|1] ]
 * Invaded Mercia, driving Wiglaf, king of Mercia into exile. (829) [[|1] ]
 * Conquered all of southern England, becoming the eighth king considered “Wide Ruler”. [[|1] ]
 * Mercia rebelled against Wessex rule, regained independence. (830) [[|1] ]
 * Experienced beginning of the first serious onslaught at the hands of the Danes (later known as Vikings). (836) [[|1] ]


 * - Æthelwulf – 839-855 **
 * Faced continuous attacks from the Danes. [[|1] ]
 * Didn’t allow Danes the upper hand providing them with many defeats, including a large defeat of the Danes, at “Aclea”, an unidentified site at Surrey. (851) [[|1] ]


 * - Æthelbald – 855-860 **
 * Faced continuous attacks from the Danes. [[|1] ]


 * - Æthelbehrt – 860-866 **<span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">
 * <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Faced continuous attacks from the Danes. [[|1] ]


 * <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">- Æthelred I – 866-871 **<span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">
 * <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Faced with strongest raid by the Danes (up to that date), led by three Danish brothers, Hingwar, Healfdene and Hubba. (866) [[|1] ]
 * <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">The Viking brothers conquered and subdued East Anglia, Northhumbria and Nottingham, threatening Mercia. (866-868) [[|1] ]
 * <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">The Danes retreated, avoiding battle, although being paid indemnity. (868) [[|1] ]
 * <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">The Danes renewed their attack on Wessex, leading to the longest and bitterest battles of the Danish war, leading to Æthelred’s death. (870-871) [[|1] ]

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">**- Edward the Elder – 899-924**
 * <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">- Alfred the Great – 871-899 **<span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">
 * <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Took over when his brother was killed, continued resistance until year-end when the Danes accepted payment, leaving Wessex in peace. (871) [[|1] ]
 * <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">The Danes conquered Mercia. (874) [[|1] ]
 * <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">The Danes focused their army on Chippenham, controlling the West Saxons and forcing Alfred to retreat. (878) [[|1] ]
 * <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Alfred swiftly after, successfully fought of the Danes, leading to a truce between Alfred and the Danes. (878) [[|1] ]
 * <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Created peace treaty with Guthrum, the Danes leader. (886) [[|1] ]
 * <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">When new Viking armies attacked Wessex, Guthrum’s Danes never joined their forces, leading to Alfred’s victory. [[|1] ]
 * <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Alfred seized control of London without any protest. (886) [2]
 * <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Saw the beginning of the West Saxon conquest of mid and eastern England. * [[|1] ]
 * <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">When new Viking armies attacked Wessex, Guthrum’s Danes never joined their forces, leading to Alfred’s victory. [[|1] ]
 * <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Alfred seized control of London without any protest. (886) [2]
 * <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Saw the beginning of the West Saxon conquest of mid and eastern England. [2]
 * <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Began planning to retake their lost lands. [[|1] ]
 * <span style="line-height: 21px; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">Improved and attempted Alfred’s plans. [[|1] ]
 * <span style="line-height: 21px; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">Edward’s cousin Æthelwold launched a rebellion along side the Danes against Edward. [[|1] ]
 * <span style="line-height: 21px; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">Æthelwold was defeated at the Battle of the Holme. (902) [[|3] ]
 * <span style="line-height: 21px; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">After the Battle of the Holme, seven peaceful years followed. (902-908) [[|3] ]
 * <span style="line-height: 21px; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">Edward sent English armies against Northumbria. (909) [[|3] ]
 * <span style="line-height: 21px; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">The Danes attempted to retaliate, but were defeated at the Battle of Tettenhall. (910) [[|3] ]
 * <span style="line-height: 21px; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">Edward’s plans were put on hold due to a large invasion of Vikings from Brittany. (914) [[|3] ]
 * <span style="line-height: 21px; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">Due to strategic fortresses and attacks, by 918 all Danish power south of the Humber was removed. [[|3] ]
 * <span style="line-height: 21px; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">Northumbria had been taken claim by Irish Scandinavians, but was submitted to Edward in 920. [[|3] ]
 * <span style="line-height: 21px; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">Made Mercia a part of the West Saxon kingdom. [2]
 * <span style="line-height: 21px; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">Impressed by Edward’s conquering of Mercia, Welsh princes allowed Edward to extend his power over most the majority of whales. [2]
 * <span style="line-height: 21px; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">The final years of Edward’s reign were peaceful. (921-924) <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"> [[|3] ]

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">**- Athelstan – 924-939**
 * <span style="line-height: 23px; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">Spent his entire reign in a struggle to maintain authority over Northumbria. [[|1] ]
 * <span style="line-height: 23px; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">He expelled Northumbria’s Norse ruler Guthfrith to Scotland. (927) [[|4] ]
 * <span style="line-height: 23px; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">Guthfrith’s son Olaf crossed into Northumbria and assembled a large army of all non-English people of Britain. (937) [[|1] ]
 * <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">At Brunanburh, Athelstan alongside his brother Edmund personally led their army against Olaf, destroying most of his army and forcing Olaf to flee to Ireland in disgrace. (937) [[|1] ]

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">**- Edmund I – 939-946**
 * <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Was forced to accept a peace that provided Olaf with all of England north of Watling Street. (940) [[|1] ]
 * <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Olaf’s death allowed Edmund to regain his power of Mercia and Northumbria. (941) [[|1] ]

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">**- Eadred – 946-955**
 * <span style="line-height: 21px; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">Hurried to establish his control of Northumbria. (946) [[|1] ]
 * <span style="line-height: 21px; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">Upon Eric “Bloodaxe” arrival in Northumbria, Eadred launched a raid against Northumbria, successfully removing Eric. (954) [[|1] ]

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">**- Edwy – 955-959**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">Was considered to young and to ill advised to have a successful reign. <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;"> [[|5] ]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">Was rejected as king by Mercia and Northumbria. (957) [[|5] ]  <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">Internal conflicts began to arise between Edwy and his brother Edgar. [[|1] ] [[image:523px-Edgar.jpg.jpeg width="257" height="300" align="right" caption="Edgar the Peaceful"]]

<span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">**- Edgar the Peaceful – 959-975**
 * <span style="line-height: 21px; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">Had the quietest, most orderly and most peaceful reign of Anglo-Saxon England. [[|1] ]

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">**- Edward the Martyr – 975-978** <span style="line-height: 21px; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">
 * <span style="line-height: 21px; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">Internal conflicts arrived between Edward and his brother Ethelred. [2]
 * <span style="line-height: 21px; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">There were constant oppositions towards Edward since the beginning of his reign. [[|6] ]
 * <span style="line-height: 21px; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">Was considered an illegitimate ruler. [2]
 * <span style="line-height: 21px; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">Was murdered in interest of his brother Æthelred II becoming the king. [[|6] ]

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">**- Æthelred II the Unready – 978-1016** <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 90%;">Æthelred’s reign was filled with disaster, due to constant attacks from the Vikings. [2]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Were much more serious attacks that aimed towards conquest of England, led by Sweyn, King of Denmark. <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"> [[|1] ]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 90%;">Æthelred was forced to flee to Normandy. (1013) <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 90%;"> [[|1] ]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 90%;">Sweyn died when victory was in his grasp. (1014) <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"> [[|1] ]
 * <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Æthelred returned to England immediately after and forced the Dane’s out. (1015) [[|1] ]

- **Edmund Ironside – 1016**
 * <span style="line-height: 21px; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">Sweyn’s son Canute returned to England. (1016) [[|1] ]
 * <span style="line-height: 21px; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">Canute and Edmund fulfilled a peace agreement that split England in half. (1016) [[|1] ]
 * <span style="line-height: 21px; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">Edmund died soon after the agreement was signed and Canute became king of all of England. (1016) [[|1] ]

<span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">**- Canute the Dane – 1016-1035**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">England became a part of northern empire. <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;"> [[|1] ]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">Created a system of government where he ruled Wessex and earls ruled the rest of the Anglo-Saxon Empire. <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;"> [[|1] ]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">The increasing power of earls drew power away from Canute. <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;"> [[|1] ]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">Canute was forced to exile and murder some of his earls. [[|1] ]

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">**- Harold I Harefoot – 1035-1040** <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">**- Hardicanute – 1040-1042**
 * <span style="line-height: 21px; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">Allowed England’s heir, Edward the confessor to take control of England, ending the Scandinavian line. [[|1] ]

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">**- Edward the Confessor – 1042-1066**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">By the time Edward claimed the throne, real power was in the control of the few important earls. <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;"> [[|1] ]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">Edward had no heir to his throne, Harold; the son of one of the most powerful earls (Goldwine) claimed the throne. (1066) [[|1] ]

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">**- Harold II – 1066**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">Was challenged early by his brother and Harold King of Norway. (1066) [[|1] ]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">The two invaded northeastern England conquering Mercia, Northumbria and York. (1066) [[|1] ]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">Three days later the Duke of Normandy landed in England with his army. [[|1] ]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">Harold ignored advice to wait and starve the Norman invaders, and rushed to battle at Hastings. [[|1] ]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">Harold was killed and his army was defeated at Hastings. [[|1] ]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 110%;">Anglo-Saxon England was conquered shortly after. [[|1] ]

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">

**<span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; text-align: center; display: block;"> Back to Main Page /// Back to Golden age to Fall// / Back to Research Notes ** <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; text-align: center; display: block;"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">** __Citations__ **

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Campbell, Alistair. "England: History <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">__ <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 14px;">Anglo-Saxon Period." <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 14px;">Encyclopedia Americana 2009. Grolier Online. 21 Apr. 2009 <[] >. = 1

// <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Campbell, James. //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">The Anglo Saxons. //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"> Penguin, 2007. = 2 // //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"> <span style="font-style: normal; font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Campbell, Alistair. "Edward the Elder ." //<span style="font-style: normal; font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Encyclopedia Americana //<span style="font-style: normal; font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">. 2009. Grolier Online. 1 May 2009 <[] >. = 3

"Athelstan ." //<span style="font-style: normal; font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Encyclopedia Americana //<span style="font-style: normal; font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">. 2009. Grolier Online. 1 May 2009 <[] >. = 4

Campbell, J. "Edwy." //<span style="font-style: normal; font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Encyclopedia Americana //<span style="font-style: normal; font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">. 2009. Grolier Online. 1 May 2009 <[] >. = 5

Campbell, J. "Edward the Martyr ." //<span style="font-style: normal; font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">Encyclopedia Americana //<span style="font-style: normal; font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">. 2009. Grolier Online. 2 May 2009 <[] >. = 6