Research+Summary+Marko

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 * __//Contents:// __ ||
 * **Climate and Geographic Factors ** ||
 * **Events and Leaders ** ||
 * **Socio-Political Structure ** ||
 * **Agriculture and the Economy ** ||
 * **Science and Mathematical Contributions ** ||
 * **Art, Literature and Music ** ||

// **Climate and Geographic Factors** //

 markomarkoii →  Annual rainfall from 30- 64cm. Winter chilly - markomarkoii mar 1ºCapx, strong wind currents, high humidity, low markomarkoii mar  precipitation. Summer’s warm at 21ºC in markomarkoii mar North area and 24-27ºC in South area. Night markomarkoii mar temperatures reach 7-10ºC.  markomarkoii →  Higher temps in Winter- 10-13ºC in January. markomarkoii mar Summer temperatures on coast are 22-27ºC and markomarkoii mar  29-31ºC farther from bodies of water, high markomarkoii mar  humidity (Modern, temperatures known to not markomarkoii mar  have changed greatly since then).  markomarkoii → Meseta Central (Inner Plateau)- centre of Spain, markomarkoii mar  elevations from 610- 760m, surrounded with markomarkoii mar  mountains Sierra Morena (highest point slightly higher than 1300m), Cordillera Cantábrica (near Bay of Biscay, around areas of markomarkoii mar  Christian rule, ranging from 1500m to 2600m+), and Sistema Iberco (2500m+ highest point of elevation).  markomarkoii → <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #262626; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Sistema Central- <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #365f91; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Mountain range splitting Meseta into 2 regions along Castile and Leon. Highest peak at 2592m. South- Montes de Toledo markomarkoii ma and Sierra de Guadelupe (highest at 1500m). Split by Tagus River, longest in both Spain and Portugal (1038km). <span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"> markomarkoii → <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #262626; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Pyrenees Mountain Range- <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;"> Highest point at 3404m, separating the peninsula from France and other European Countries. Extends 430km markomarkoii mar from Bay of Biscay to Mediterranean Sea. Low terrain in east and west part of range. <span style="font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Coordinates of Spain- 40º North and 4º West. Area- 504, 782km (though not all conquered by Muslims, 1.04% water covered) <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus; mso-no-proof: yes;">[|(Wiki, Geography)]. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;"> [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Spain-climate-en.png width="503" height="393" align="right" caption="The area of Spain, with its areas of varied climate." link="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Spain-climate-en.png"]]
 * <span style="color: #365f91; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Close bodies of water: <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;"> Cantabrian Sea (Bay of Biscay) North, Mediterranean and Balearic Sea- South-East, North Atlantic Ocean- West. South- Strait of Gibraltar, connects North Atlantic Ocean with Mediterranean Sea, separates Morocco and Spain by 13 km apx. (Possible method of travel for conquest of Muslims).
 * __<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Climate __<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">- Continental Region (Meseta Central):
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Mediterranean Area-
 * <span style="color: #365f91; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Topography <span style="font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">-

Back to Top <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #00b050; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">// **Events and Leaders**  //

<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; text-align: right; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus; msobidifontfamily: Andalus;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"> mar · //__<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Umayyad Conquest of Hispania __//<span style="font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; msobidifontfamily: Andalus; mso-spacerun: yes; msonoproof: yes; msospacerun: yes;"> [|(Wiki, Conquest)] <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Courier New'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msothemecolor: text1; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">markomarkoii → <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Led by Tariq ibn Ziyad with mostly Berber Soldiers, Muslims+ Syrians. 711-718. Ability from Caliph Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik (**Umayyad** **Caliphate).** <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Courier New'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">m → <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Iberian Peninsula dominated by Christian Visigoths, invasion held in 8 years. Series of attacks held, civil war in peninsula at time. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Courier New'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msothemecolor: text1; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">i → <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Spain had no governor; Tariq left to Morocco, Musa ibn Nusair (N. African Gov.) brought Arab troops to reside. Captured <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">Seville, Medina, Merida, Sidonia and Saragossa. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"> mar · //__<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Battle of Guadalete __//<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #365f91; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;"> – (  [|Wiki, Guadalete)] <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Courier New'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msothemecolor: text1; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">m → <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Approx. July 19-23 in 711/712, armies fought at Guadalete River ( Cádiz, Spain). Ratio of Visigoths to Umayyads was approx. 100,000: 9,500-12,000 (1st supposed to be much smaller). <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Courier New'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msothemecolor: text1; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">m → <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #365f91; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">King Roderic <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;"> + other Visigoth nobility //__believed__// to have died in Battle of Guadalete. Christian Visigoths defeated, Muslims won. Start of capture in Spain+ Portugal. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Courier New'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msothemecolor: text1; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">m → <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Opened Toledo (capital) and Cordoba for conquest; Muslims and Berbers able to control “Al-Andalus”- given name for modern Spain and Portugal. Visigoths fled to Eeija.

<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"> mar · //__<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Battle of Covadonga __////__<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #365f91; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">- __//<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; msobidifontfamily: Andalus; mso-spacerun: yes; msonoproof: yes; msospacerun: yes;"> [|(Wiki, Covadonga)] <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Courier New'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msothemecolor: text1; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">markomarkoii → <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Summer, 722, 1st major Christian victory in Al- Andalus after Conquest of Hispania. 718- Visigoth refugees made Don Pelayo leader, <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msothemecolor: text1; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">markomarkoii forming Asturias and small army. Little threat at first. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Courier New'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msothemecolor: text1; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">markomarkoii → <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Moors defeated by Kingdom of Franks (modern France) in Battle of Toulouse; decided to put down rebellion in Asturias for raising <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msothemecolor: text1; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">markomarkoii morale. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Courier New'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msothemecolor: text1; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">markomarkoii → <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Commanders: Al-Kama and Munuza. Force of 800 men to Picos de Europa, Pelayo managing strength of 300. Tried influencing Pelayo to <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msothemecolor: text1; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">markomarkoii surrender; he declined, ordered troops to slaughter. Moors fled, Al-Kama dead. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Courier New'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msothemecolor: text1; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">markomarkoii → <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Later Munuza confronted Pelayo with another force, again failed- 600 moors and 289 Asturias dead. Assured independence of Asturias, <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msothemecolor: text1; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">markomarkoii Beginning of “Reconquista” (recapturing peninsula from the Moors).

<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"> mar · //<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Battle of Tours //<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">-  [|(Koeller, Tours)] <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Courier New'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msothemecolor: text1; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">markomarkoii → <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;"> Oct. 10, 732. Spain governed by Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, sent 60,000- 400,000 to Loire River for more land (France) and end of Christian <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msothemecolor: text1; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">markomarkoii Religion. Army stopped outside Tours, by Franks and leader Charles Martel. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Courier New'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msothemecolor: text1; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">markomarkoii → <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Franks used phalanx style fighting (rectangular group form), with swords, shields, axes, javels, etc. Muslims used many horsemen with big <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msothemecolor: text1; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">markomarkoii swords and lances. French resisted, battle lasted 2-7 days and ended with French victory, Abd- er Rahman dead and swift flee of Muslims.

<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"> mar · <span style="color: #365f91; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Emir Abd- al Rahman I <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">- [|(Bookrags, Abd- al Rahman, I)] <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Courier New'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msothemecolor: text1; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">markomarkoii → <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Ruled from 756- 788, was entitled “the immigrant”. Formed Emirate of Cordoba, rule of the Umayyad Dynasty. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Courier New'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msothemecolor: text1; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">markomarkoii → <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Escaped murder from Abbasid Dynasty, came to Spain. Blind in one eye, expert with poetry and military. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Courier New'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msothemecolor: text1; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">markomarkoii → <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Dealt with revolt of al- Ala ibn Mugith with beheading, and another from 768- 776 led by Berber Shakya.

<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #7f7f7f; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"> mar · //<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Al- Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir //<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;"> [|(Wiki, Al-Mansur)] <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #7f7f7f; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #7f7f7f; font-family: 'Courier New'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msothemecolor: text1; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">markomarkoii → <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Ruled Al- Andalus in late 900’s (981) to early 1000’s at peak of peninsula’s power. Title as victorious by grace of God. Organized 57 military <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msothemecolor: text1; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">markomarkoii campaigns (Leon and Castile, Barcelona, etc.). Very religious, criticised and rejected astronomy and logic, burnt texts on topics in the <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msothemecolor: text1; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">markomarkoii community [|(Wiki, Al- Andalus)] .<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #7f7f7f; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Courier New'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msothemecolor: text1; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">markomarkoii → <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Santiago de Compostela- 997- destroyed this city and took doors + bells from shrine of St. James the Apostile (Christian figure) and placed <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msothemecolor: text1; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">markomarkoii in Mosque of Cordoba for Christian humiliation; Consequence resulted in alliance of Christian rulers in peninsula against him. Died 1002<span style="color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;"> markomarkoii [|(spanishfiestas, Moorish Spain)] .<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">

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<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #00b050; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;"> //**Socio-Political Structure**//

<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar · <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Moorish Spain run by Umayyad Caliphate of Islam until 750’s- symbolizes unity of politics and control in Muslim district. Caliphs ruled empire, at first <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar appointed governors, usually governed there for 3 years [|(Wiki, Umayyad)] .<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar · <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">756- Established Emirate and later Caliphate of Cordoba after Muslim wars- Monarchy: One <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar governs entire land. First ruler- Abd al- Rahman. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar · <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Al- Andalus had Christians/ Mozorabs, Jews, and Muslims (Arabs, Berbers, and Syrians). <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar · <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Muslims, though dominated, never had biggest population <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus; mso-no-proof: yes;">[|(AnneKristina, Moorish Spain)] .<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar · <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">The 10th century had much Christian conversion into Muslim faith, customs, etc. (Mozorabs)<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar   <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">[|(Wiki, Al- Andalus)] .<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar · <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">The end of 900’s held many Muslims of Iberian Origin (A.K.A. Muladies). <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar · <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Non- Muslims had status as protected peoples (dhimmis). Adult men had to pay a “Jizya” tax <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar (= to one dinar) annually to stay. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar · <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Jewish and Christians there had less rights than Muslims. Though better treatment + <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar mar mar conditions there than in other parts of Christian Europe. Allowed to practice their religion <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar mar (privately). <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar · <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Arabic language used in Jewish prayers, when going into synagogues would ceremoniously <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar clean hands and feet (Islamic custom) [|(Marks, The Jews in Islamic Spain)]. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar · <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Jews were 5%+ of pop. Worked mostly as tax collectors, doctors, traders, ambassadors, etc. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar Treated with dignity and tolerance //for most part.// Up to apx. 976 A. D. Jews lived well. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar · <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">750’s- 800’s- Jews worked in translating program, Arabic text converted into languages of <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">m  love, Greek and Hebrew texts (including science+ philosophy) into Arabic. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar · <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Similar fashions to Muslims taken, could not wear fur and silk though, nor white and green <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar robes (Islamic colours). <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar · <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Some Christians in Cordoba, however, were beheaded for acts against Muslim faith <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar mar mar (martyrdom- dying for good beliefs/causes). Small unrest at <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> beginning, later grand children <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar protested <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">[|(Wiki, Al- Andalus)] .<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar · <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Pogroms (raids) in Moorish Spain held- riots against non- Muslims with usual destruction of <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar homes, businesses, and religious buildings. One occurred at Cordoba in 1011. Dec. 30, 1066, Jews banished from Granada, Spain. 1,500 families <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">ma<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar r slaughtered due to their stay. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus; msobidifontfamily: Andalus;">

<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #00b050; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;"> Back to Top //**Agriculture and the Economy** //

<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar · <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Irrigation started with hydraulics and hydrostatics to raise water (floodgates, wheels and pumps). Constructed water channels for travel to cities <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar  <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus; mso-no-proof: yes;">[|(AnneKristina, Moorish Spain)] .<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar · <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Several hydraulic practices, including use of Shaduf- (A.K.A- jattara or cigüeñal) tool to <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar move up water from  wells, rivers, lakes, etc. Bucket joined to bucket on wooden pole, <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar with fulcrum and counterweight to bring bucket out of water <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar      [|(Covington, Art of science and water)]. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar · <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Today’s irrigated lands similar to Al- Andalus- used irrigation in dry summers, improved <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar profit. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar · <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Albolafia Noria- water wheel- last trace of mills and dams made on Guadalquivir <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar mar (great) River between 700’s and 900’s, big part of irrigation then <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar      [|(Covington, Art of science and water)]. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar · <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Gutters, pipes and aqueducts used to get water, put in cisterns (containers for liquids). <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar · <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Alcazar- Palace in Cordoba- traces of aqueduct at approx. 800’s in reign of Abd- al <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar mar Rahman II- brought fresh water from Sierra Morena Range, 80km approx. far! <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar · <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Mills used for pounding paper pulp, rice and sugar cane with trip-hammers (powerful, <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar for pounding), process obtained from China. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar · <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Uni. Of Cordoba and School of Arabic Studies find info tulip coming to Europe through Al- Andalus in the 1000’s. Texts attained from botanist Abu I-<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar Jay’s //Umda, +// <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Ibn al-‘Awwam’s //Kitab al-Filaba.// <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">[|(Plataforma SINC, Tulips)] <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar · <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Crops introduced: Sugar Cane and cotton (most important), Rice, lemons, oranges, asparagus, barley, cinnamon, mustard, ginger, apricots, cloves, nutmeg, artichokes, aubergines, saffron, mulberries, and cumin. Muslims brought over almonds, figs, bananas, etc. Bettered produce of olive trees and oil <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus; mso-no-proof: yes;">[|(AnneKristina, Water Secrets)]. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar · <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Spices found in (sub) tropical regions- used for trading, heightening taste in Al-Andalus, disguising sourness of food in dark period (other parts) of <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar Europe, high value. Usage of herbs to better wellbeing. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar · <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Mulberry trees- planted mostly for leaves- big source of food for silkworms. Spanish silk had high value, booming silk industry. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar · <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Founded Mediterranean diet: consists of eating olives, cereals, grapes mainly, also eat fruit, nuts, fish, dairy, chicken and lamb, “healing foods”, <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar mar believed to prevent disease. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus; msobidifontfamily: Andalus;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar · <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Organic Farming: Moors studied soil- type and plants reactions to them, applied different types of manure, tried making similar environment, <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar mar mar increased productivity. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar · <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Used Crop Rotation- Land placed with diverse crops, controlled soil fertility  <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus; mso-no-proof: yes;">[|(AnneKristina, Moorish Spain)] .<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar · <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Honey gathered in February, June + September; put fake golden bees in honeycombs for better production [|(Imamuddin, 92)]. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar · <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Valued forest; produced pine, box-wood, teak and oak woods, made utensils, pots, gum, resin (in inks, paints, medicine, etc.), rosin, tar, oil, etc.<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">m V <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar a r <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">m  [|(Imamuddin, 94)]. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar · <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Sheep, cattle, chickens, ducks, hens, geese, doves kept. Rulers raised exotic animals (ex. Peacocks) in gardens as “royal gifts”. Falcons used for hunting, <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar pigeons for messages ([|UPF, Zoology)]. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar · <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Farmers on Spain’s borders kept sheep and cattle- easy escape in case of battle or emergency. In mountains would raise cows and goats also, only <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar mar Christians raised pigs [| (Imamuddin, 95)]<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar · <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Seas: sardines, al burah, al- shulah, al- shabil, tunny and turjata fished along Spanish rivers, seals found on cost of Mediterranean Sea, skin used for <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar mar creating coats. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">[|(Imamuddin, 99)]. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar · <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Breeding- especially horses- large. Andalusian breed perfected during times of Islamic Spain, most modern horses have descent from Andalusia. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar mar Creation of finding ancestry of a horse. Used mostly for battling, fed with barley ([|UPF, Zoology)]. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar · <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Mules raised often- used for travel around and carrying carts, large items, etc. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">[|(Imamuddin, 96)]. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar · <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Raised camels; same use as mules, not as common though, difficult to breed with climate and land [|(Imamuddin, 97)]. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar · <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Cordoba- sheep farming worked well, high importance, wool sent off to textile factories up north, trading use, for winter clothing<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar      <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus; mso-no-proof: yes;">[|(AnneKristina, Water Secrets)]. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar · <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Raisin industry booming. Linen Exported. Flax heavily grown. Esparto grass made into articles <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus; mso-no-proof: yes;">[|(AnneKristina, Moorish Spain)] .<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">mar · <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Al- Andalus farmed extensively, led to low yield of wealth later on, worsening effect on land.

Back to Top <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #00b050; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus; mso-ansi-language: EN;">//** Science and Mathematical Contributions **//

<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"> · <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">In 800’s, Abd- ar Rahman II conscripted many scholars, poets, historians, etc. by offering bribes for the benefit of knowledge in Moorish Spain [|(Lunde, Science in Al-Andalus)]. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">One of first scholars- <span style="color: #365f91; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Abbas ibn Firnas <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">, coming to instruct music and mathematics in Cordoba. Became fascinated in flight; he created wings made of wooden frame and feathers + tried flying. He survived, but began making planetarium where planets on solar system orbited and simulated thunder + lightning; it went well. He bettered mathematical formula for development of synthetic crystals and looked into problems with normality of crystal’s surfaces. Died in 888 A.D. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;">· <span style="color: #365f91; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Al- Khwarizmi <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">- wrote book obtained by early period of Al- Andalus, called //The Calculation of Integration and Equation,// dealt with multiplying and dividing algebraic equations, measuring surfaces of different shapes and other equations. Also introduced “Arabic” figures that symbolized numbers, as well as number zero. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Al- Khwarizmi’s tables corrected for astronomic purposes by Maslama al- Kajriti in 900’s. Wrote literature on math and astronomy. Made conversion tables to match Persian dates with Hijran for precise recording of history and past science/ math. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;">· <span style="color: #365f91; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Abu al- Quasim <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">- Most famous surgeon (936- 1013), worked for al Hakam II, wrote //Tasrif,// medical encyclopaedia. 30 volumes including pictures of surgical tools, descriptions of amputations, dental surgeries, treatment of wounds, etc. Invented many medical devices, such as forceps (for extracting dead fetus), surgical needles, the specula (for inspecting of urethra), the scalpel (surgery, dissection usage) and curette (scrapes biological tissue). Used catgut for internal stitching (still used today) [|(Abu al-Quasim, wiki)]. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Math used for industrial purposes and business, calculating inheritance, measuring, etc. Astronomy used for finding time of prayer and adjusting the calendar. Medicine used for better and faster healing, keeping humans healthy and living longer [|(Lunde, Science in Al-Andalus)].

Back to Top <span style="display: block; font-size: 10pt; color: #00b050; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; text-align: right; msobidifontfamily: Andalus; msoansilanguage: EN;">**

//Art, Literature, and Music// **

<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Courier New'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msothemecolor: text1; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">markomarko<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msothemecolor: text1; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">mark ii → <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">In Cordoba, Spain, contains about 1000 columns and arcs, made by Abd al-Ramán I+ II, Al haken II and Al manzor. Once second <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msothemecolor: text1; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">markomarko<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msothemecolor: text1; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">mark ii biggest Muslim mosque. First called Aljama Mosque. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Courier New'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msothemecolor: text1; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">markomarko<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msothemecolor: text1; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">mark ii → <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Made in 600’s as Christian church of St. Vincent; Abd- al- Rahman bought and demolished it and made as mosque. Project began in <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msothemecolor: text1; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">markomarko<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msothemecolor: text1; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">mark ii 784 and named to honour his wife and join with his palace. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Courier New'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msothemecolor: text1; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">markomarko<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msothemecolor: text1; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">mark ii → <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Many changes on the mihrab, and creation of a new minaret. Contained a different orientation, facing south possibly from <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msothemecolor: text1; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">markomarko<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msothemecolor: text1; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">mark ii borrowed constructions from Romans and Visigoths. Made of jasper, onyx, marble and granite, from fragments of the old shrine. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Courier New'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore; mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msothemecolor: text1; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">markomarko<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msothemecolor: text1; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">mark ii → <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Double Arches introduced to Mosque; concept fairly new to architecture and found to support the weight of the large ceilings. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msothemecolor: text1; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">markomarko<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Courier New'; msothemecolor: text1; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">mark ii Dome contains blue tiles with stars. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Stone, stucco + plaster used for covering outer surface of buildings, bricks replaced stones later [|(Beig, Legacy of Al- Andalus)].
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Mosques- places of worship for Muslims. Began as a house and later similar to a temple.
 * __<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Great Mosque (Mezquita) of Cordoba- __<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">[|(wiki, Mosque of Cordoba)] <span style="font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Gardens = immense ritual and spiritual value to Muslims in Moorish Spain. Has supply of water, shade, flowers and fruit trees. Represents heaven on world and tries to leave an open surrounding, though bringing less emphasis on the sky. Two significant gardens of this time- Alhambra and Generalife [|(School of Architecture Planning Landscape, Islamic gardens)] <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #365f91; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Geometry used greatly in art and design- little difficulty, applies repetition, balance and symmetry to bring harmonious effect. Appeals more to mind than feeling [|(Hispanoarabe, To the Andalus)].
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Uses the circle (perfect form), rhombuses, zig zag drawings, star shaped bows, etc. as designs.
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Artists not allowed to make art of living beings, had to focus on uniqueness of god. Trees + flowers allowed, and anything non-living [|(Beig, Legacy of Al- Andalus)].
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Calligraphy made into art, floral designs used as well in paintings, drawings on architecture, etc.
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Hispano- Moresque ware- type of pottery, different from Islamic decoration. Introduction to two new techniques: glazing with opaque white tin finish or metallic lustres <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">[|(Wiki, Al- Andalus)] .<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Arabic calligraphy large and respected. Many would write poetry and other books on science and mathematics through the art of paper making. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Ibn Abd Rabbih- Moorish writer and poet, born in 860 in Cordoba. Known for great anthology, called “The Unique Necklace”, divided in 25 parts. Chapters named after jewels and includes poem “Urjuza” which tells story of Abd- ar Rahman’s war use and abuse [|(Wiki, Ibn, Abd Rabbih)].
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">In the 900’s, Cordoba, Spain had about 60,000 palaces, 700 mosques, and 70 libraries. The biggest library held 600,000 books, huge compared to 400 manuscripts in Christian European library. Annually, 60,000 poems, treatises (expositions, more detailed than essay), polemics (similar) and compilations written. Literature more sophisticated than in other parts of Europe <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">[|(Wiki, Al- Andalus)] .<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Today’s musical instruments believed to originate from Moorish ones: the lute from the oud, the guitar from the quetara, the rebec from the rebab (similar to violin), etc. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus; msobidifontfamily: Andalus;">
 * <span style="color: #365f91; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Zyryab- (Abu I- Husan, “Blackbird”) <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;"> - Musician, astronomer, geographer, botanist, fashion designer and more, played for the court of Abd al- Rahman II from 822- 852. Said to have improved the oud by adding an extra string and established one of first music schools [|(Wiki, Ziryab)].
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">Rhymes made from Arab poetry into European music, specifically muwashshah, and zajal types <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus; mso-no-proof: yes;">[|(Eyre, Andalusian Music)] . <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus;">
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Eras Medium ITC','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Andalus; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">No music to accompany the poetry ever written, hard for musicologists to know how they played. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">

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//__<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Written By Marko Ilic __//